Monsanto | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsanto


00:02:18 1 History
00:02:27 1.1 "Pre-Pharmacia" Monsanto
00:02:38 1.1.1 1901 to WWII
00:05:20 1.1.2 Post-WWII
00:06:27 1.1.3 1960s and 1970s
00:08:45 1.1.4 1980 to 1989: Becoming an agribiotech
00:09:59 1.1.5 1990 to 1999: Moving into the seed market & industry consolidation
00:11:50 1.1.6 "Pre-Pharmacia" Monsanto overview
00:12:01 1.2 "Post-Pharmacia" Monsanto
00:12:12 1.2.1 2000 to 2009: Birth of the "new" Monsanto
00:14:39 1.2.2 2010 to 2017: Further growth, Syngenta
00:15:49 1.2.3 "Post-Pharmacia" Monsanto overview
00:16:01 1.3 Sale to Bayer
00:16:49 2 Products and associated issues
00:17:00 2.1 Current products
00:17:09 2.1.1 Glyphosate herbicides
00:17:55 2.1.2 Crop seed
00:18:12 2.1.3 Row crops
00:22:20 2.1.3.1 India-specific issues
00:24:07 2.1.4 Vegetables
00:24:52 2.2 Former products
00:25:01 2.2.1 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
00:26:26 2.2.2 Agent Orange
00:26:53 2.2.3 Bovine somatotropin
00:28:11 2.3 Uncommercialized products
00:28:28 2.3.1 "Terminator" seeds
00:29:42 2.3.2 GM wheat
00:30:12 3 Legal affairs
00:31:14 3.1 Argentina
00:33:54 3.2 Brazil
00:35:10 3.3 China
00:35:29 3.4 India
00:39:42 3.5 United Kingdom
00:40:39 3.6 United States
00:40:48 3.6.1 PCBs
00:42:01 3.6.2 Polluted sites
00:42:34 3.6.3 GM wheat
00:44:15 3.6.4 Cancer risks of Roundup
00:47:06 3.7 March Against Monsanto
00:47:57 3.8 Improper accounting for incentive rebates
00:48:54 3.9 Alleged ghostwriting controversy
00:49:41 4 Government relations
00:49:50 4.1 United States
00:52:15 4.1.1 Revolving door
00:54:47 4.2 United Kingdom
00:56:20 4.3 European Union
00:58:59 4.4 Haiti
01:00:57 5 Public relations
01:01:29 5.1 Sponsorships
01:02:55 6 University relationships
01:03:44 7 Awards
01:04:54 8 Documentaries
01:05:13 9 See also



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SUMMARY
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The Monsanto Company () was an American agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation founded in 1901. In 2018, it was acquired by Bayer as part of its crop science division. It was headquartered in Creve Coeur, Missouri. Monsanto developed Roundup, a glyphosate-based herbicide, in the 1970s, and became a major producer of genetically engineered crops.
Monsanto was one of four groups to introduce genes into plants in 1983, and was among the first to conduct field trials of genetically modified crops in 1987. It was one of the top 10 US chemical companies until it divested most of its chemical businesses between 1997 and 2002, through a process of mergers and spin-offs that focused the company on biotechnology. Monsanto was one of the first companies to apply the biotechnology industry business model to agriculture, using techniques developed by biotech drug companies. In this business model, companies recoup R&D expenses by exploiting biological patents.Monsanto's roles in agricultural changes, biotechnology products, lobbying of government agencies, and roots as a chemical company, resulted in controversies. The company once manufactured controversial products such as the insecticide DDT, PCBs, Agent Orange, and recombinant bovine growth hormone. Its seed patenting model was criticized as biopiracy and a threat to biodiversity as invasive species.
In September 2016, Bayer announced its intent to acquire Monsanto for US$66 billion. After gaining US and EU regulatory approval, the sale was completed on June 7, 2018.
The company ranked 199th on the 2018 Fortune 500 of the largest United States corporations by revenue.In May 2019, Bayer was ordered by a California jury to pay US$2 billion in damages to a Livermore couple, for Monsanto's Roundup product, containing glyphosate, that couple said had caused their development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.